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Islam was started by Mohammed (a mere man) around 600 A.D. in what is now Saudi Arabia. Islam is divided into many different sects such as, the Sunni, Shiah, Wahhabis, and Ismaili Khoja.
Whereas Jesus Christ (Our Incarnated God-Man) founded His Only Church, the Roman Catholic Church on St. Peter and his successors in 33 A.D., 567 years prior to Mohammed. Because Jesus is True God and True Man, He can neither deceive nor be deceived. He promised that despite the bad, scandalous behavior of some of its members, on issues of faith and morals, the Church would not fail on these issues throughout time.
Jesus came to save mankind from his sins including non-Christians open to hearing His Gospel.
Thus, the Church considers all goodness and truth found in these religions as "a preparation for the Gospel and given by him who enlightens all men that they may at length have life".
839 "Those who have not yet received the Gospel are related to the People of God in various ways." (Vatican II, (Lumen Gentium 16)
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841 The Church's relationship with the Muslims. "The plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator, in the first place amongst whom are the Muslims; these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, and together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."
842 The Church's bond with non-Christian religions is in the first place the common origin and end of the human race:
All nations form but one community. This is so because all stem from the one stock which God created to people the entire earth, and also because all share a common destiny, namely God. His providence, evident goodness, and saving designs extend to all against the day when the elect are gathered together in the holy city. . . (Vatican II, Nostra Aetate 1)
843 The Catholic Church recognizes in other religions that search, among shadows and images, for the God who is unknown yet near since he gives life and breath and all things and wants all men to be saved. Thus, the Church considers all goodness and truth found in these religions as "a preparation for the Gospel and given by him who enlightens all men that they may at length have life." (Vatican II, Lumen Gentium 16; cf. Vatican II, Nostra Aetate 2; Evangelii Nuntiandi 53)
844 In their religious behavior, however, men also display the limits and errors that disfigure the image of God in them:
Very often, deceived by the Evil One, men have become vain in their reasonings, and have exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and served the creature rather than the Creator. Or else, living and dying in this world without God, they are exposed to ultimate despair. (Vatican II, (Lumen Gentium 16; cf. Romans 1:21, 25)
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There are many points that highlight the differences between Islam and Christianity, and why the latter is true and the former false, so it would take a good bit of time to do so. I think a good place to start is the credibility of the two leaders, Muhammud and Jesus.
Jesus credibility rests on his miracles, the witness of his Apostles and disciples, who gave their lives to attest to the truth of his Gospel, with nothing to gain for themselves except their souls. Also, the historicity of the Resurrection, and the impeccability of the life of Christ give great weight.
On the other hand, Muhammud made his way as a virtual land pirate, expanded his reach by force and coercion, had numerous sex slaves and promised an eternity of virtual carnal pleasure to his followers. There is little disputing these facts. For a lengthy discussion of these issues see the following interview:
